1、放坡大開挖法施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)地(di)鐵(tie)車站:一(yi)般止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)做(zuo)法基(ji)本是:結構底板、側壁采用雙面(mian)(或單(dan)面(mian))自粘止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(貼(tie)必定),側壁、頂(ding)板采用單(dan)組分(fen)聚(ju)氨酯止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)涂料,這類型(xing)地(di)鐵(tie)止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)易取(qu)得(de)較(jiao)為滿意的(de)止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)效(xiao)果,單(dan)從止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理與(yu)具體(ti)質量控制(zhi)來(lai)說,此類型(xing)完(wan)整的(de)止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)工(gong)(gong)程大致如下:
1)、開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)與(yu)護坡:一般(ban)土(tu)層開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)深度在15米左右(you),不(bu)太深;一般(ban)均為(wei)了提高地基承載(zai)力(li)和護坡,設計(ji)進行了地基處理加固(gu),和護坡與(yu)放(fang)坡,一些情(qing)況下,有(you)可能(neng)受(shou)(shou)征(zheng)地的(de)影(ying)響受(shou)(shou)征(zheng)地等因素影(ying)響,使之放(fang)坡受(shou)(shou)限(xian)制(zhi)。或(huo)(huo)多或(huo)(huo)少均有(you)可能(neng)受(shou)(shou)到地下承壓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)及周圍環境如周邊的(de)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)一些不(bu)利作用,須利用適(shi)當的(de)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、土(tu)體動態監測與(yu)加固(gu),滿足施工(gong)現場的(de)穩定。對于(yu)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)中的(de)一些良好(hao)(hao)的(de)土(tu)層(或(huo)(huo)改良)可作為(wei)良好(hao)(hao)回(hui)填(tian)(tian)阻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層,必須有(you)良好(hao)(hao)的(de)組織(zhi)回(hui)填(tian)(tian)土(tu)的(de)順(shun)序,妥善保存(cun)好(hao)(hao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)預留的(de)回(hui)填(tian)(tian)土(tu),以(yi)防參入不(bu)良雜土(tu),保持良好(hao)(hao)土(tu)體的(de)自然(ran)狀(zhuang)態,適(shi)當的(de)改良土(tu)層,將回(hui)填(tian)(tian)隔(ge)(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)層的(de)土(tu)層的(de)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)保持在較佳含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、分層(200∽250mm)夯實、土(tu)體密實系(xi)數(shu)d不(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)0.91,并(bing)確保隔(ge)(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)填(tian)(tian)土(tu)層厚(hou)度不(bu)小(xiao)于(yu)500mm。基本(ben)上可以(yi)彌補止水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶工(gong)程(cheng)及結(jie)構本(ben)身的(de)施工(gong)缺陷。
2)、有(you)序而良好的組織(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),即是按照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設(she)計要(yao)求嚴密的組織(zhi)各項施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),確保(bao)各道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序有(you)合(he)理的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)周期,如何確定和保(bao)障合(he)理施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)周期,在實際施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是很(hen)難做到的;多種原(yuan)因促(cu)使(shi)相關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中的相互交叉、占用、拖延,或由于意外的情況使(shi)之不足或延誤;
3)、相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)各施工(gong)(gong)單位和(he)監(jian)理來說,對(dui)(dui)將進(jin)(jin)行的(de)止(zhi)水帶(dai)(dai)(dai)施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi),要有一個(ge)完整止(zhi)水帶(dai)(dai)(dai)施工(gong)(gong)方案(an)和(he)止(zhi)水帶(dai)(dai)(dai)施工(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設計,并進(jin)(jin)行嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)培訓(xun):至少要對(dui)(dui)止(zhi)水帶(dai)(dai)(dai)材(cai)料及其(qi)施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)驗(yan)收、檢驗(yan)標(biao)準有一個(ge)完整的(de)概念和(he)明示(shi);同時對(dui)(dui)止(zhi)水帶(dai)(dai)(dai)施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)所要求的(de)環境、相(xiang)互的(de)配合有嚴(yan)格(ge)的(de)規定(ding);并進(jin)(jin)行工(gong)(gong)序之間的(de)書(shu)面交接;相(xiang)關人員及監(jian)理簽字負責(ze);
4)、后續工序對橡膠止水帶完(wan)善的保護,這一點尤為重要;特別是在砼澆(jiao)筑時(shi)和澆(jiao)筑后,要及時(shi)檢查(cha)、防損壞(huai)撕裂、修補、維護及防老化處(chu)理(li)(li)等確(que)保止水帶工程整體性;必須有(you)一個完(wan)整的書面記(ji)錄和得(de)到監理(li)(li)簽字認證(zheng)。
5)、對于開挖放坡(po)施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)法來說(shuo),各項工(gong)序(xu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)質量的(de)工(gong)作條件(jian)相對其它工(gong)法施(shi)工(gong)來說(shuo)要好得多;同時可以針對常見的(de)地下工(gong)程滲漏水的(de)特(te)點,有目的(de)的(de)加強,這里主要做的(de)是:
A、地(di)下結構止水(shui)(shui)帶質(zhi)量(liang)關(guan)鍵在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的施工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)。合(he)理(li)的選擇混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)配合(he)比,以滿(man)足止水(shui)(shui)帶砼的需要,在(zai)(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)摻優質(zhi)粉煤(mei)灰和(he)高(gao)效減水(shui)(shui)劑,降(jiang)低水(shui)(shui)泥用(yong)量(liang),減少(shao)水(shui)(shui)灰比,這樣可以降(jiang)低水(shui)(shui)化熱,降(jiang)低了(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)初期(qi)開(kai)裂的機率。在(zai)(zai)(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)施工(gong)前對振搗(dao)工(gong)進行專項(xiang)交(jiao)底,制定獎懲(cheng)措(cuo)施,加(jia)強振搗(dao)工(gong)人責任感,對混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)結構的澆(jiao)筑采(cai)用(yong)了(le)分層、分段澆(jiao)搗(dao),確保混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)注的密實(shi)性。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆(jiao)注完成,通過(guo)建立養護(hu)專項(xiang)臺帳,采(cai)取(qu)覆蓋或蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)等措(cuo)施控(kong)制混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)內外溫差不(bu)超過(guo)20℃,養護(hu)時間不(bu)少(shao)于(yu)14天。
B、仔細認真處(chu)理好相關砼(tong)施工縫A)、在施工縫的(de)銜接處(chu)理上除(chu)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)前鑿毛清理外,還應涂刷砼(tong)界面劑,這樣能有效的(de)與后續澆(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)的(de)混凝土緊密結合。
B)、變形縫的處理,除按規范安裝遇水膨脹橡膠止水帶外,還在其(qi)外露部分澆(jiao)(jiao)灌聚氨脂密封膏(gao)及雙層(ceng)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)加強處理,另(ling)再做72小時蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)試(shi)驗,不滲漏后(hou),才予(yu)以隱蔽(bi);C)、止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)處的砼(tong)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu):應按設計要求頂板、底板的中置式止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)板向上翹150~200,以利于砼(tong)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu),如遇特殊無法(fa)完全振搗密實砼(tong),應另(ling)加設注漿管,或局(ju)部開孔再補(bu)焊;
C、側墻、頂板在做止(zhi)水帶封閉之前(qian),應嚴格(ge)、仔細(xi)檢查各處(chu)砼面層(ceng)缺陷情況(kuang),作好記錄、進行修補,各相(xiang)關責任人及(ji)監理簽(qian)字驗(yan)收。
D、陰陽角的(de)處(chu)(chu)理:陰角的(de)做(zuo)(zuo)法(此(ci)處(chu)(chu)側壁止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)為單組份聚氨(an)(an)酯止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)2.5mm厚(hou))按規范是將底板(ban)(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)甩(shuai)槎部分粘(zhan)(zhan)貼在(zai)(zai)側墻上,再由側墻聚氨(an)(an)脂止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)涂(tu)(tu)膜覆(fu)蓋密封(feng),在(zai)(zai)實際(ji)施(shi)工中這(zhe)樣做(zuo)(zuo)存在(zai)(zai)質量隱(yin)患。(止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)較厚(hou),不能(neng)與(yu)側墻直行(xing)有效粘(zhan)(zhan)貼),可以將聚氨(an)(an)脂涂(tu)(tu)膜一次性做(zuo)(zuo)到底部,并在(zai)(zai)底部往上50cm做(zuo)(zuo)雙層涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)涂(tu)(tu)膜加強,然后再利(li)用涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)的(de)粘(zhan)(zhan)度(du)(du),裁剪相應寬度(du)(du)的(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)與(yu)側墻涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)涂(tu)(tu)膜層和底板(ban)(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)甩(shuai)搓部分粘(zhan)(zhan)接;但切記,此(ci)處(chu)(chu)底板(ban)(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)甩(shuai)搓部分上端的(de)封(feng)閉是較為關鍵的(de)。附加層止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)上端部要被止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)覆(fu)蓋顯點水(shui)形狀,以防涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)過厚(hou),易脫皮(pi)。
E、頂板(ban)結(jie)構在(zai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)做蓄(xu)水(shui)試(shi)驗(yan),結(jie)構施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)基層的表面突起(qi)物和氣泡孔(kong),在(zai)涂膜止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)處理好,止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)層施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)分層報驗(yan)。F、加固模板(ban)用(yong)的拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)(也只有(you)放坡開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)法才有(you)可能(neng)采用(yong)拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)固定模板(ban))由老式的單根外螺桿(gan)(gan)換成三節可卸式螺桿(gan)(gan),并在(zai)中(zhong)間及(ji)兩端(duan)各設一(yi)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)環,這樣拆除時既避免切(qie)割損壞結(jie)構實體,有(you)能(neng)有(you)效防止(zhi)(zhi)拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)孔(kong)洞滲水(shui)和拉(la)桿(gan)(gan)銹蝕。
2、砼地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)(lian)墻作(zuo)(zuo)圍(wei)護(hu)結構(gou)(gou),以(yi)鋼(gang)管(guan)或鋼(gang)筋(jin)砼梁作(zuo)(zuo)圍(wei)護(hu)結構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)支撐,進(jin)行開(kai)挖(wa)的(de)(de)(de)明(ming)挖(wa)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)車(che)(che)站1)、相對放(fang)坡大(da)開(kai)挖(wa)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)車(che)(che)站來(lai)說,其(qi)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)難度(du)要大(da)一(yi)些(xie),首先(xian)面臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)是地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)(lian)墻的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong),要保證地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)(lian)墻基(ji)本平順,無大(da)的(de)(de)(de)凹凸不(bu)平,基(ji)本不(bu)滲水(shui)(shui)(shui);關鍵在于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質條(tiao)件和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)經驗;武漢地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)(lian)墻的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在30~50米左右,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)車(che)(che)站地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)板位(wei)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)18米深度(du)左右,車(che)(che)站寬度(du)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)20米左右;地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)(lian)墻所(suo)面臨(lin)坍塌、涌(yong)(yong)砂、淤泥(ni)、沼(zhao)氣、以(yi)及周(zhou)(zhou)圍(wei)建構(gou)(gou)筑物的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)障礙:相鄰建筑的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)室基(ji)礎及其(qi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)時預留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)未知的(de)(de)(de)障礙等、箱涵、管(guan)線(xian)等一(yi)般(ban)(ban)均在地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)3~18米之間(jian);地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)承壓(ya)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)15米左右、上(shang)層潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)影響一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為5~10米;一(yi)般(ban)(ban)均采(cai)用整體降水(shui)(shui)(shui)來(lai)保證車(che)(che)站開(kai)挖(wa)的(de)(de)(de)正常施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong),處(chu)(chu)于(yu)安全(quan)起見,車(che)(che)站底板深度(du)范圍(wei)內,一(yi)般(ban)(ban)采(cai)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)攪拌樁加固(gu)處(chu)(chu)理(li);相對而言,若地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)不(bu)當,易造成地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)涌(yong)(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)涌(yong)(yong)沙,對周(zhou)(zhou)邊有(you)影響;總體來(lai)說各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)(lian)墻基(ji)本上(shang)做到(dao)了阻(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)、防止(zhi)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)滲漏水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用;但作(zuo)(zuo)為地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)車(che)(che)站的(de)(de)(de)靠前道防線(xian)及止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶和(he)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶基(ji)面,它(ta)有(you)一(yi)些(xie)不(bu)足(zu)之處(chu)(chu)需要處(chu)(chu)理(li)。
2)、止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶基(ji)(ji)(ji)面(mian)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)從目前(qian)已施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)完(wan)的(de)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)地連(lian)墻(qiang)來(lai)(lai)(lai)看,其背水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)的(de)不(bu)(bu)平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)、鋼筋頭、尖(jian)鋭之(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)較多,需要(yao)(yao)用多的(de)時(shi)(shi)間進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)修(xiu)補(bu),同時(shi)(shi)在有(you)(you)支撐之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)一(yi)次(ci)找平(ping)和修(xiu)補(bu)到(dao)位(wei),為止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶鋪設(she)留(liu)下(xia)滲(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)隱患;目前(qian)相當(dang)一(yi)些(xie)(xie)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)在止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶基(ji)(ji)(ji)面(mian)處(chu)里上面(mian),是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)完(wan)全令(ling)人滿(man)(man)(man)意的(de);也是(shi)(shi)一(yi)老大難的(de)問題;對于(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶基(ji)(ji)(ji)面(mian)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)這道(dao)工(gong)序(xu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)說,它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)繁瑣、細致又要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)技(ji)術和耐心的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝:首(shou)先對裸露(lu)各種鐵件進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)去除和防銹處(chu)理(li)(li)(li),這里的(de)防銹是(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)求將鐵件用聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)砂(sha)漿(jiang)蓋住,而不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)單單去掉(diao)就(jiu)行(xing)(xing)(xing),其次(ci)對地連(lian)墻(qiang)的(de)缺陷進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)修(xiu)補(bu):主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括:有(you)(you)滲(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)應(ying)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)注(zhu)漿(jiang),補(bu)縫;凹凸不(bu)(bu)平(ping)處(chu)削平(ping)和用聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)砂(sha)漿(jiang)填(tian)平(ping);再則用聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)砂(sha)漿(jiang)找平(ping)順各處(chu),達到(dao)滿(man)(man)(man)足規(gui)范規(gui)定(ding)的(de)相關圓(yuan)滑、平(ping)順要(yao)(yao)求,并(bing)且在鋪設(she)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶時(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)被撕裂下(xia)來(lai)(lai)(lai);這里主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)2個(ge)(ge)原因,其一(yi)是(shi)(shi)費工(gong)費時(shi)(shi),且難以(yi)完(wan)全滿(man)(man)(man)意,其二(er)下(xia)一(yi)道(dao)工(gong)序(xu)是(shi)(shi)由止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)隊伍來(lai)(lai)(lai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong),指望他(ta)們能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)完(wan)成(cheng);因此:止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶基(ji)(ji)(ji)面(mian)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)第二(er)個(ge)(ge)關鍵,必須有(you)(you)詳細的(de)書面(mian)記錄及表格,完(wan)整嚴格的(de)交接驗收(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)定(ding),且應(ying)得到(dao)有(you)(you)關各責任(ren)方及監(jian)理(li)(li)(li)簽字(zi)認(ren)可。
3)、結(jie)構(gou)側壁的(de)(de)止水帶止水帶的(de)(de)鋪設與保(bao)護:
(1)、由于止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)鋪(pu)(pu)設是(shi)與綁扎鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)、制模、砼(tong)澆筑(zhu)等交叉進行,靠前道(dao)鋪(pu)(pu)設還好、有足(zu)夠的(de)(de)工作(zuo)面(mian)(mian),但是(shi)后續的(de)(de)鋪(pu)(pu)設與修補(bu)基(ji)本上都是(shi)在鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)上面(mian)(mian)進行,工作(zuo)面(mian)(mian)不足(zu),同時對止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)(mian)沒(mei)有做好的(de)(de)區域(往往也是(shi)難以施(shi)工之處),或是(shi)陰陽角處,且由于施(shi)工進度或一些(xie)其它的(de)(de)原因,使(shi)靠前道(dao)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)施(shi)工和第二道(dao)相(xiang)差較(jiao)長的(de)(de)時間,原先(xian)已貼(tie)(tie)好的(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)可能要重(zhong)貼(tie)(tie)或進行大的(de)(de)修補(bu),而此時鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)已綁扎好,其工作(zuo)難度較(jiao)大,同時其中有些(xie)是(shi)無法保證鋪(pu)(pu)設質(zhi)量的(de)(de)死角。
(2)、側墻綁扎鋼筋與(yu)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)對(dui)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)損傷(shang):由于無法采用(yong)對(dui)拉螺栓(shuan)來固(gu)定(ding)(ding)直立(li)的模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(建議,在可(ke)(ke)(ke)行的情(qing)況(kuang)加設改良的2節(jie)型的拉結(jie)螺栓(shuan),一(yi)端(duan)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)在模(mo)板(ban)(ban)上(shang),另一(yi)端(duan)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)在輔助鋼筋上(shang),將對(dui)拉螺栓(shuan)設成公母型,螺紋(wen)長度與(yu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)調節(jie)長度均(jun)加長,以(yi)滿足(zu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)調整的需要,固(gu)定(ding)(ding)在模(mo)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的螺栓(shuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)直接取(qu)出(chu)),而且由于制模(mo)面(mian)積(ji)大、不規則,一(yi)般(ban)均(jun)采用(yong)木模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(可(ke)(ke)(ke)省時省工省力,但(dan)其周(zhou)轉次數有限(xian),且剛度不足(zu)),滿堂支撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)模(mo)板(ban)(ban),但(dan)要保證模(mo)板(ban)(ban)與(yu)鋼筋的間距(ju)不變、或不使拉結(jie)筋與(yu)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)相碰(peng),就(jiu)難以(yi)做到;同(tong)時由于剛度不足(zu),特別易跑模(mo)漏漿,正因為如(ru)此,施(shi)工人員(yuan)振(zhen)搗力度就(jiu)有限(xian),相應砼(tong)密實程度難以(yi)滿足(zu)要求,同(tong)時由于拉結(jie)筋與(yu)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)碰(peng)撞,難免(mian)對(dui)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)有所損傷(shang),極易造成滲水(shui)(shui);這也是現(xian)場檢查中各種不同(tong)的接縫(feng)易滲水(shui)(shui)原因之(zhi)一(yi)。
(3)、止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)鋪(pu)設(she)是一個細致、費工費時且與周圍環境密(mi)切相關的(de)(de)工序,鋪(pu)設(she)時的(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)、濕(shi)度(du)(du)、灰塵等(deng)均(jun)有(you)較大(da)的(de)(de)關系,已(yi)完(wan)成(cheng)的(de)(de)這(zhe)幾個車站(zhan)的(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),采用的(de)(de)是4mm厚雙面(mian)自粘聚合物改性瀝青止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(貼必定),比較厚,在陰陽角和凹凸處(chu)不(bu)易粘貼密(mi)實,雖(sui)然(ran)采用水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥釘(ding)加壓(ya)片(pian)固(gu)定,但(dan)若(ruo)射釘(ding)過(guo)猛,而壓(ya)片(pian)未加緩沖止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)墊(dian),則極易使連接處(chu)的(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)受傷,反之(zhi)若(ruo)射釘(ding)力道不(bu)足,或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥釘(ding)的(de)(de)長度(du)(du)短了、直徑過(guo)小(xiao)則難(nan)以固(gu)定止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),因(yin)此已(yi)經固(gu)定好(hao)的(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)多有(you)脫落(luo),同時各車站(zhan)均(jun)是直接鋪(pu)貼止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),未先涂界面(mian)劑(這(zhe)是因(yin)為(wei),止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)基面(mian)本身就粗(cu)糙不(bu)平,界面(mian)劑難(nan)以起(qi)作用);其結果就是只要有(you)一處(chu)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)受損滲(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),則整個止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)失效,到處(chu)串水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),極不(bu)易找出何(he)處(chu)是滲(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源。
(4)、止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu):止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋪(pu)設(she)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)次就完(wan)全鋪(pu)設(she)到位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而(er)是(shi)分段、不(bu)(bu)同高(gao)度并與(yu)與(yu)綁扎鋼筋、制模、砼澆(jiao)(jiao)筑等(deng)交叉進行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);各(ge)(ge)工(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交叉施工(gong)極易使止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)受損,雖然止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)有雙(shuang)層(ceng)薄模保(bao)護(hu),但薄模必須根據工(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進展要求(qiu)分別(bie)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)同時間(jian)撕(si)去,并應當按要求(qiu)在(zai)預(yu)留(liu)搭接(jie)處保(bao)留(liu)薄模;從(cong)已施工(gong)車站(zhan)來看,一(yi)(yi)些止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薄膜不(bu)(bu)是(shi)過早(zao)撕(si)去、或是(shi)忘記(ji)撕(si)掉一(yi)(yi)同澆(jiao)(jiao)入(ru)砼中(zhong),這(zhe)樣止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)過早(zao)暴露在(zai)空氣中(zhong),從(cong)而(er)老化變(bian)(bian)脆(cui)、失去彈(dan)性和粘接(jie)性、或由(you)于(yu)薄模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)失去隔(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性變(bian)(bian)成(cheng)存水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋;而(er)施工(gong)中(zhong)所(suo)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、廢(fei)渣(zha)、煙頭等(deng)廢(fei)棄物,以及(ji)電焊(han)等(deng)都給未(wei)防(fang)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)已鋪(pu)設(she)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損傷;這(zhe)在(zai)車站(zhan)檢查中(zhong)常常可以看到;止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)關鍵在(zai)于(yu)管理,一(yi)(yi)是(shi)嚴格(ge)(ge)管理制度、二是(shi)適時進行各(ge)(ge)層(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓,明確各(ge)(ge)人應當注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事項和遵(zun)循的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze);三是(shi)嚴格(ge)(ge)監(jian)督,及(ji)時修補(bu)清(qing)理,嚴防(fang)受損的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隱患(huan)進入(ru)砼中(zhong);四是(shi)在(zai)澆(jiao)(jiao)筑砼時,振(zhen)搗(dao)棒注意不(bu)(bu)得隨意碰撞鋼筋,嚴禁與(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)相碰。