1、放(fang)坡(po)大開挖法施(shi)工(gong)的(de)地(di)鐵車站:一般(ban)止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)做法基本是(shi):結構底板、側壁(bi)采用(yong)雙(shuang)面(或單(dan)面)自粘止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(貼(tie)必定),側壁(bi)、頂板采用(yong)單(dan)組分(fen)聚氨酯止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)涂料,這類型地(di)鐵止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)施(shi)工(gong)易取得較為滿意的(de)止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)效果(guo),單(dan)從止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)施(shi)工(gong)管理與(yu)具體質量控制(zhi)來說,此類型完(wan)整的(de)止水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)工(gong)程大致如下:
1)、開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)與(yu)護(hu)坡:一(yi)般(ban)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)深(shen)度(du)在15米左右,不太(tai)深(shen);一(yi)般(ban)均為了(le)提高(gao)地(di)基(ji)承載力和護(hu)坡,設(she)計進(jin)行了(le)地(di)基(ji)處理加(jia)固(gu),和護(hu)坡與(yu)放坡,一(yi)些情況下(xia),有可能受征地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)受征地(di)等因(yin)素影響(xiang),使之放坡受限制。或多(duo)或少均有可能受到地(di)下(xia)承壓水(shui)(shui)(shui)及(ji)周(zhou)圍(wei)環境(jing)如周(zhou)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些不利作(zuo)用(yong),須(xu)(xu)利用(yong)適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、土(tu)(tu)體動(dong)態監測與(yu)加(jia)固(gu),滿足施工現場的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定。對于開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些良(liang)(liang)(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(或改良(liang)(liang)(liang))可作(zuo)為良(liang)(liang)(liang)好(hao)回(hui)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)阻水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)(ceng),必(bi)須(xu)(xu)有良(liang)(liang)(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織回(hui)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)順(shun)序,妥善(shan)保存好(hao)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)預留的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu),以防參入不良(liang)(liang)(liang)雜土(tu)(tu),保持良(liang)(liang)(liang)好(hao)土(tu)(tu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)自然狀態,適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)改良(liang)(liang)(liang)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng),將(jiang)回(hui)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)保持在較佳含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)、分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(200∽250mm)夯(hang)實、土(tu)(tu)體密(mi)實系數d不小于0.91,并確(que)保隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚度(du)不小于500mm。基(ji)本(ben)上可以彌補止水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶工程(cheng)及(ji)結構本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工缺陷。
2)、有(you)序(xu)(xu)而良好的(de)組織施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong),即是按(an)照施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)組織設計要求嚴密的(de)組織各項施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong),確(que)保各道工(gong)序(xu)(xu)有(you)合(he)理的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)周期(qi),如何確(que)定和保障(zhang)合(he)理施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)周期(qi),在實際(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)是很難做到的(de);多種原因促使相關工(gong)序(xu)(xu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)的(de)相互交叉、占用、拖延,或由于(yu)意外的(de)情況(kuang)使之不足或延誤;
3)、相對各(ge)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位和(he)監理來說,對將進(jin)行(xing)的(de)止(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝,要有一個完(wan)整止(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案和(he)止(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設計(ji),并(bing)進(jin)行(xing)嚴格的(de)培訓(xun):至少要對止(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)材料及(ji)其施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)驗收、檢驗標準有一個完(wan)整的(de)概(gai)念和(he)明示;同時對止(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝所要求的(de)環境(jing)、相互的(de)配合(he)有嚴格的(de)規(gui)定;并(bing)進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序之間的(de)書面交接;相關(guan)人(ren)員(yuan)及(ji)監理簽(qian)字負責(ze);
4)、后續工序對橡膠止水帶完善的保(bao)護,這一點尤(you)為重要;特(te)別是在(zai)砼澆筑時和澆筑后,要及時檢查、防損壞撕裂、修補、維護及防老(lao)化處(chu)理(li)等確(que)保(bao)止(zhi)水帶工程整體(ti)性(xing);必須(xu)有(you)一個完整的書面記錄和得到(dao)監理(li)簽字認證。
5)、對于開挖(wa)放坡施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)法來說,各項工(gong)(gong)序施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)質量的(de)工(gong)(gong)作條件相(xiang)對其它工(gong)(gong)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)來說要好得多(duo);同時可以針對常見(jian)的(de)地下(xia)工(gong)(gong)程滲漏水(shui)的(de)特點,有目(mu)的(de)的(de)加強,這里主要做(zuo)的(de)是:
A、地下結(jie)構止(zhi)水帶質(zhi)量(liang)關鍵在于混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)施工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)。合理(li)的(de)選擇混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)配合比,以滿足止(zhi)水帶砼的(de)需要,在混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)中摻優質(zhi)粉煤灰和(he)高(gao)效減(jian)水劑,降低(di)水泥(ni)用量(liang),減(jian)少(shao)水灰比,這(zhe)樣可以降低(di)水化熱,降低(di)了(le)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)初期開裂的(de)機率。在混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)施工(gong)前對振搗(dao)工(gong)進行專項(xiang)交底,制定獎懲措施,加強振搗(dao)工(gong)人責(ze)任(ren)感,對混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)結(jie)構的(de)澆筑采(cai)(cai)用了(le)分層、分段澆搗(dao),確(que)保混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)澆注(zhu)(zhu)的(de)密實性(xing)。混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)澆注(zhu)(zhu)完成,通過建(jian)立(li)養護專項(xiang)臺帳,采(cai)(cai)取覆蓋或蓄(xu)水等(deng)措施控制混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)內外溫(wen)差不超過20℃,養護時間不少(shao)于14天。
B、仔(zi)細認真處理好(hao)相關(guan)砼施(shi)工縫(feng)A)、在施(shi)工縫(feng)的(de)(de)銜(xian)接處理上除澆(jiao)筑(zhu)前鑿(zao)毛清理外,還應涂刷砼界面劑(ji),這樣能有效的(de)(de)與后續澆(jiao)注的(de)(de)混凝(ning)土緊(jin)密結合。
B)、變形縫的處理,除按規范安裝遇水膨脹橡膠止水帶外,還在其外露部分澆灌聚氨(an)脂密(mi)封膏及雙層止(zhi)水(shui)帶加強(qiang)處理,另再(zai)做72小(xiao)時蓄水(shui)試驗(yan),不滲漏后(hou),才予以隱蔽(bi);C)、止(zhi)水(shui)帶處的(de)砼(tong)(tong)澆筑(zhu):應按設(she)(she)計(ji)要求頂板、底板的(de)中置式(shi)止(zhi)水(shui)板向上翹150~200,以利(li)于砼(tong)(tong)澆筑(zhu),如遇特殊無法(fa)完全振搗密(mi)實砼(tong)(tong),應另加設(she)(she)注漿管,或局部開孔(kong)再(zai)補焊;
C、側(ce)墻、頂板在做止(zhi)水(shui)帶封閉之前,應嚴格、仔細檢查各處砼面層缺陷情況(kuang),作好記(ji)錄、進行修(xiu)補(bu),各相關責任人(ren)及(ji)監理簽字驗收(shou)。
D、陰陽(yang)角(jiao)的處理(li):陰角(jiao)的做(zuo)(zuo)法(此處側(ce)(ce)壁止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)為單(dan)組(zu)份聚氨(an)(an)酯止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)涂(tu)料2.5mm厚(hou))按規范是(shi)將底(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)甩(shuai)槎部分粘(zhan)貼(tie)在(zai)側(ce)(ce)墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang),再(zai)由側(ce)(ce)墻(qiang)(qiang)聚氨(an)(an)脂止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)涂(tu)膜(mo)(mo)覆(fu)蓋(gai)密封,在(zai)實際施工中(zhong)這樣(yang)做(zuo)(zuo)存在(zai)質量(liang)隱患(huan)。(止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)較厚(hou),不能與側(ce)(ce)墻(qiang)(qiang)直(zhi)行有(you)效粘(zhan)貼(tie)),可以(yi)將聚氨(an)(an)脂涂(tu)膜(mo)(mo)一次性做(zuo)(zuo)到(dao)底(di)部,并(bing)在(zai)底(di)部往(wang)上(shang)50cm做(zuo)(zuo)雙層涂(tu)料涂(tu)膜(mo)(mo)加強(qiang),然后(hou)再(zai)利用涂(tu)料的粘(zhan)度(du),裁剪相應寬(kuan)度(du)的止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)與側(ce)(ce)墻(qiang)(qiang)涂(tu)料涂(tu)膜(mo)(mo)層和底(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)甩(shuai)搓(cuo)部分粘(zhan)接(jie);但切記(ji),此處底(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)甩(shuai)搓(cuo)部分上(shang)端(duan)(duan)的封閉是(shi)較為關鍵(jian)的。附加層止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)上(shang)端(duan)(duan)部要(yao)被止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)涂(tu)料覆(fu)蓋(gai)顯(xian)點(dian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)形狀,以(yi)防(fang)涂(tu)料過厚(hou),易脫皮。
E、頂板結構(gou)在(zai)止(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)施工(gong)前(qian)做蓄水(shui)試驗,結構(gou)施工(gong)基層(ceng)的(de)表面(mian)突(tu)起物和氣泡(pao)孔,在(zai)涂(tu)膜止(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)施工(gong)前(qian)處理好,止(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)(dai)層(ceng)施工(gong)分層(ceng)報驗。F、加固(gu)模板用的(de)拉桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(也只有(you)放坡開挖(wa)工(gong)法才(cai)有(you)可(ke)能采用拉桿(gan)(gan)(gan)固(gu)定模板)由老式的(de)單根(gen)外螺(luo)(luo)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)換成(cheng)三節可(ke)卸式螺(luo)(luo)桿(gan)(gan)(gan),并(bing)在(zai)中間及兩端(duan)各(ge)設一(yi)止(zhi)水(shui)環,這樣(yang)拆除時(shi)既避免切(qie)割損壞結構(gou)實體(ti),有(you)能有(you)效(xiao)防止(zhi)拉桿(gan)(gan)(gan)孔洞滲水(shui)和拉桿(gan)(gan)(gan)銹蝕(shi)。
2、砼(tong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)墻(qiang)作(zuo)(zuo)圍護(hu)結構,以鋼管或(huo)鋼筋砼(tong)梁作(zuo)(zuo)圍護(hu)結構的(de)(de)支撐,進(jin)行開挖(wa)的(de)(de)明挖(wa)法施(shi)工(gong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)1)、相(xiang)對放(fang)坡大(da)(da)開挖(wa)法施(shi)工(gong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)來說(shuo),其止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)施(shi)工(gong)難度(du)(du)(du)要大(da)(da)一(yi)(yi)些(xie),首先面臨的(de)(de)是(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong),要保證(zheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)墻(qiang)基(ji)本(ben)平(ping)順(shun),無大(da)(da)的(de)(de)凹凸不平(ping),基(ji)本(ben)不滲(shen)水(shui)(shui);關鍵在于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條件和(he)施(shi)工(gong)經(jing)驗;武(wu)漢(han)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)高度(du)(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)般在30~50米左(zuo)右(you),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)(tie)車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)板位(wei)于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)18米深度(du)(du)(du)左(zuo)右(you),車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)寬度(du)(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)般20米左(zuo)右(you);地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)墻(qiang)所面臨坍塌、涌砂、淤泥、沼(zhao)氣、以及(ji)周圍建構筑物(wu)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)障(zhang)礙:相(xiang)鄰建筑的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)室(shi)基(ji)礎及(ji)其施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)預(yu)留的(de)(de)未(wei)知的(de)(de)障(zhang)礙等、箱涵(han)、管線(xian)等一(yi)(yi)般均在地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)3~18米之間;地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)承(cheng)壓水(shui)(shui)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)15米左(zuo)右(you)、上(shang)(shang)層潛(qian)水(shui)(shui)影(ying)(ying)響一(yi)(yi)般為5~10米;一(yi)(yi)般均采(cai)用整體降水(shui)(shui)來保證(zheng)車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)開挖(wa)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常施(shi)工(gong),處(chu)(chu)(chu)于(yu)(yu)安全起見,車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)底板深度(du)(du)(du)范圍內,一(yi)(yi)般采(cai)用水(shui)(shui)泥攪拌(ban)樁加固處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li);相(xiang)對而言,若地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)不當,易造(zao)成(cheng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)涌水(shui)(shui)涌沙,對周邊有影(ying)(ying)響;總體來說(shuo)各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)連(lian)墻(qiang)基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)(shang)做到了(le)阻水(shui)(shui)、隔水(shui)(shui)、防止(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)滲(shen)漏水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用;但(dan)作(zuo)(zuo)為地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)車(che)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)靠前(qian)道防線(xian)及(ji)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)和(he)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶(dai)基(ji)面,它(ta)有一(yi)(yi)些(xie)不足(zu)之處(chu)(chu)(chu)需(xu)要處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)。
2)、止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)處(chu)理(li)從目前已施(shi)(shi)工(gong)完的(de)一(yi)些地連墻(qiang)(qiang)來看,其背水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)的(de)不平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)、鋼筋(jin)頭、尖鋭之(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)較多(duo)(duo),需(xu)要(yao)(yao)用多(duo)(duo)的(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)進行(xing)(xing)修(xiu)補,同時(shi)(shi)在(zai)有(you)(you)支撐之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)就不能(neng)一(yi)次找平(ping)和修(xiu)補到位,為止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)鋪設留下(xia)滲水(shui)(shui)(shui)隱患;目前相當一(yi)些施(shi)(shi)工(gong)單位在(zai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)處(chu)里上面(mian),是(shi)不能(neng)完全令人滿(man)意的(de);也是(shi)一(yi)老(lao)大難的(de)問題;對(dui)于(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)處(chu)理(li)這(zhe)道(dao)工(gong)序來說,它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)繁(fan)瑣、細致又要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)技術(shu)和耐心(xin)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝:首先對(dui)裸露各種鐵(tie)件進行(xing)(xing)去(qu)除和防銹處(chu)理(li),這(zhe)里的(de)防銹是(shi)要(yao)(yao)求將(jiang)鐵(tie)件用聚合(he)物(wu)砂漿蓋住,而不是(shi)單單去(qu)掉(diao)就行(xing)(xing),其次對(dui)地連墻(qiang)(qiang)的(de)缺陷(xian)進行(xing)(xing)修(xiu)補:主要(yao)(yao)包括:有(you)(you)滲水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)處(chu)應(ying)進行(xing)(xing)注漿,補縫;凹凸不平(ping)處(chu)削平(ping)和用聚合(he)物(wu)砂漿填平(ping);再(zai)則用聚合(he)物(wu)砂漿找平(ping)順(shun)各處(chu),達到滿(man)足規(gui)范規(gui)定的(de)相關(guan)(guan)圓滑、平(ping)順(shun)要(yao)(yao)求,并(bing)且(qie)在(zai)鋪設止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)時(shi)(shi),不被撕裂下(xia)來;這(zhe)里主要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)2個原因,其一(yi)是(shi)費工(gong)費時(shi)(shi),且(qie)難以(yi)完全滿(man)意,其二下(xia)一(yi)道(dao)工(gong)序是(shi)由止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)隊伍來施(shi)(shi)工(gong),指望(wang)他們能(neng)夠完成;因此:止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)處(chu)理(li)是(shi)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)第二個關(guan)(guan)鍵,必須有(you)(you)詳細的(de)書面(mian)記(ji)錄(lu)及(ji)表格,完整(zheng)嚴格的(de)交接(jie)驗收之(zhi)(zhi)規(gui)定,且(qie)應(ying)得到有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)各責任方及(ji)監理(li)簽(qian)字認(ren)可。
3)、結(jie)構側壁的止(zhi)水(shui)帶止(zhi)水(shui)帶的鋪設與保護(hu):
(1)、由于(yu)止(zhi)水帶(dai)止(zhi)水帶(dai)鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)(she)是(shi)與(yu)綁扎鋼(gang)筋(jin)、制(zhi)模、砼(tong)澆筑等(deng)交叉進(jin)行,靠(kao)前(qian)道鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)(she)還好、有(you)(you)足(zu)夠的工(gong)作面,但是(shi)后續的鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)(she)與(yu)修補基本上(shang)都(dou)是(shi)在鋼(gang)筋(jin)上(shang)面進(jin)行,工(gong)作面不足(zu),同時(shi)對(dui)止(zhi)水帶(dai)基面沒有(you)(you)做(zuo)好的區(qu)域(往(wang)往(wang)也是(shi)難以施工(gong)之處),或(huo)是(shi)陰陽角處,且由于(yu)施工(gong)進(jin)度(du)(du)或(huo)一些(xie)其(qi)(qi)它的原因,使靠(kao)前(qian)道止(zhi)水帶(dai)止(zhi)水帶(dai)的施工(gong)和第二道相(xiang)差較(jiao)長(chang)的時(shi)間(jian),原先(xian)已貼好的止(zhi)水帶(dai)可能要重(zhong)貼或(huo)進(jin)行大的修補,而此時(shi)鋼(gang)筋(jin)已綁扎好,其(qi)(qi)工(gong)作難度(du)(du)較(jiao)大,同時(shi)其(qi)(qi)中有(you)(you)些(xie)是(shi)無法保證鋪(pu)(pu)設(she)(she)質量的死角。
(2)、側墻綁扎鋼(gang)筋(jin)與(yu)固(gu)定(ding)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)對(dui)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)損(sun)傷(shang):由于(yu)(yu)無法采用(yong)(yong)對(dui)拉螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)(shuan)來固(gu)定(ding)直立的(de)(de)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(建議(yi),在(zai)可行的(de)(de)情況加設(she)改良的(de)(de)2節型(xing)的(de)(de)拉結螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)(shuan),一端(duan)(duan)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上,另一端(duan)(duan)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)輔助(zhu)鋼(gang)筋(jin)上,將對(dui)拉螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)(shuan)設(she)成(cheng)公母型(xing),螺(luo)(luo)紋長度(du)與(yu)可調(diao)節長度(du)均加長,以滿足(zu)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)調(diao)整的(de)(de)需要,固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)上的(de)(de)螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)(shuan)可直接(jie)取出),而(er)且(qie)由于(yu)(yu)制模(mo)面積大、不(bu)規則,一般均采用(yong)(yong)木模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(可省(sheng)時(shi)省(sheng)工(gong)(gong)省(sheng)力,但其周轉次數(shu)有限,且(qie)剛度(du)不(bu)足(zu)),滿堂支撐固(gu)定(ding)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban),但要保證(zheng)模(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)與(yu)鋼(gang)筋(jin)的(de)(de)間(jian)距不(bu)變、或不(bu)使拉結筋(jin)與(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)相(xiang)碰,就難以做到;同(tong)時(shi)由于(yu)(yu)剛度(du)不(bu)足(zu),特別易(yi)(yi)跑模(mo)漏漿,正因為(wei)如此,施工(gong)(gong)人員振搗力度(du)就有限,相(xiang)應(ying)砼密實程度(du)難以滿足(zu)要求,同(tong)時(shi)由于(yu)(yu)拉結筋(jin)與(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)碰撞,難免對(dui)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)帶(dai)有所(suo)損(sun)傷(shang),極易(yi)(yi)造成(cheng)滲(shen)水(shui);這也是現場檢(jian)查中各種不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)接(jie)縫易(yi)(yi)滲(shen)水(shui)原因之一。
(3)、止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)鋪設是(shi)一個(ge)細(xi)致(zhi)、費工費時且與周圍(wei)環境密切相關的(de)工序,鋪設時的(de)溫度、濕度、灰塵(chen)等均(jun)(jun)有(you)較(jiao)大的(de)關系,已(yi)完成的(de)這幾個(ge)車站的(de)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),采用(yong)的(de)是(shi)4mm厚雙面自(zi)粘聚合物改性瀝青止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(貼必(bi)定),比較(jiao)厚,在陰陽角(jiao)和凹凸處(chu)不(bu)易粘貼密實(shi),雖(sui)然采用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)釘加壓片固定,但若(ruo)射釘過猛(meng),而(er)壓片未(wei)加緩沖止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)墊,則極易使連(lian)接處(chu)的(de)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)受傷(shang),反之若(ruo)射釘力道不(bu)足,或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)釘的(de)長度短了(le)、直徑過小則難(nan)(nan)以(yi)固定止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),因(yin)此已(yi)經固定好的(de)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)多有(you)脫落(luo),同時各車站均(jun)(jun)是(shi)直接鋪貼止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai),未(wei)先涂界(jie)面劑(ji)(這是(shi)因(yin)為(wei),止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)基面本身就粗糙不(bu)平(ping),界(jie)面劑(ji)難(nan)(nan)以(yi)起作(zuo)用(yong));其結果就是(shi)只要有(you)一處(chu)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)受損滲水(shui)(shui)(shui),則整(zheng)個(ge)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)失效(xiao),到處(chu)串水(shui)(shui)(shui),極不(bu)易找出何(he)處(chu)是(shi)滲水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)。
(4)、止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)(hu):止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)鋪(pu)設不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)次就(jiu)完全鋪(pu)設到(dao)(dao)位的(de)(de),而是(shi)(shi)分(fen)段(duan)、不(bu)同(tong)高度并與(yu)(yu)與(yu)(yu)綁扎鋼(gang)筋、制模、砼澆筑等(deng)(deng)交(jiao)叉進行的(de)(de);各工序的(de)(de)交(jiao)叉施(shi)(shi)工極易(yi)使止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)受損,雖然止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)有雙層薄(bo)模保(bao)護(hu)(hu),但薄(bo)模必須(xu)根據工序的(de)(de)進展(zhan)要求分(fen)別于(yu)不(bu)同(tong)時間撕(si)去(qu),并應(ying)(ying)當(dang)按要求在(zai)(zai)預留搭(da)接處保(bao)留薄(bo)模;從已施(shi)(shi)工車(che)站來看,一(yi)些止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)薄(bo)膜不(bu)是(shi)(shi)過早撕(si)去(qu)、或是(shi)(shi)忘記撕(si)掉一(yi)同(tong)澆入(ru)砼中(zhong)(zhong),這樣止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)過早暴露在(zai)(zai)空氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),從而老(lao)化變脆、失去(qu)彈(dan)性(xing)和(he)粘接性(xing)、或由于(yu)薄(bo)模的(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)失去(qu)隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)變成存水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋(dai);而施(shi)(shi)工中(zhong)(zhong)所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、廢渣、煙頭等(deng)(deng)廢棄物(wu),以(yi)及電(dian)焊等(deng)(deng)都給未防(fang)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)已鋪(pu)設好(hao)的(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)損傷;這在(zai)(zai)車(che)站檢查中(zhong)(zhong)常常可以(yi)看到(dao)(dao);止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)關(guan)鍵在(zai)(zai)于(yu)管理,一(yi)是(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)格管理制度、二是(shi)(shi)適時進行各層次的(de)(de)培(pei)訓,明確各人應(ying)(ying)當(dang)注意的(de)(de)事項和(he)遵循的(de)(de)原則;三是(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)格監督,及時修補清理,嚴(yan)防(fang)受損的(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)隱患(huan)進入(ru)砼中(zhong)(zhong);四是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)澆筑砼時,振搗棒注意不(bu)得隨意碰(peng)撞鋼(gang)筋,嚴(yan)禁與(yu)(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)相(xiang)碰(peng)。