1、放坡(po)大开(kai)挖法(fa)施工的(de)地铁车站(zhan):一般止(zhi)(zhi)水带做法(fa)基本是:结(jie)构底板、侧壁采用双面(或单(dan)(dan)面)自粘止(zhi)(zhi)水带止(zhi)(zhi)水带(贴必定),侧壁、顶板采用单(dan)(dan)组分聚氨酯止(zhi)(zhi)水带涂料(liao),这类型地铁止(zhi)(zhi)水带施工易取(qu)得较(jiao)为满意的(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水带效果,单(dan)(dan)从(cong)止(zhi)(zhi)水带施工管理与具(ju)体(ti)质量控(kong)制来说,此类型完整的(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水带工程(cheng)大致如下(xia):
1)、开(kai)挖与(yu)护坡(po):一般(ban)土层(ceng)开(kai)挖深度在15米左(zuo)右,不(bu)太深;一般(ban)均(jun)为了提高地(di)基承载力(li)和护坡(po),设计进行了地(di)基处理加固,和护坡(po)与(yu)放坡(po),一些(xie)情况下(xia),有可(ke)能受(shou)征地(di)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)响受(shou)征地(di)等因素影(ying)(ying)响,使(shi)之放坡(po)受(shou)限(xian)制。或(huo)多或(huo)少均(jun)有可(ke)能受(shou)到地(di)下(xia)承压水(shui)(shui)(shui)及周(zhou)围环境如(ru)周(zhou)边的(de)(de)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)系统的(de)(de)一些(xie)不(bu)利作用(yong),须利用(yong)适当的(de)(de)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)、降水(shui)(shui)(shui)、土体动态监测与(yu)加固,满足(zu)施工现(xian)场的(de)(de)稳(wen)定(ding)。对于开(kai)挖中(zhong)的(de)(de)一些(xie)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)土层(ceng)(或(huo)改(gai)良(liang))可(ke)作为良(liang)好(hao)回(hui)填阻水(shui)(shui)(shui)层(ceng),必须有良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)组(zu)织回(hui)填土的(de)(de)顺序,妥善(shan)保(bao)存(cun)好(hao)开(kai)挖预留的(de)(de)回(hui)填土,以防参(can)入(ru)不(bu)良(liang)杂土,保(bao)持良(liang)好(hao)土体的(de)(de)自(zi)然状态,适当的(de)(de)改(gai)良(liang)土层(ceng),将回(hui)填隔(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)层(ceng)的(de)(de)土层(ceng)的(de)(de)含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量保(bao)持在较(jiao)佳含水(shui)(shui)(shui)量、分层(ceng)(200∽250mm)夯实、土体密实系数d不(bu)小于0.91,并(bing)确保(bao)隔(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)回(hui)填土层(ceng)厚度不(bu)小于500mm。基本上可(ke)以弥补(bu)止水(shui)(shui)(shui)带工程及结构(gou)本身的(de)(de)施工缺陷。
2)、有序而良好的(de)(de)组(zu)织(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)工(gong),即是(shi)按照施(shi)工(gong)组(zu)织(zhi)(zhi)设计要求严密的(de)(de)组(zu)织(zhi)(zhi)各(ge)(ge)项(xiang)施(shi)工(gong),确保各(ge)(ge)道工(gong)序有合理(li)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)周(zhou)期,如何确定和保障合理(li)施(shi)工(gong)周(zhou)期,在实际(ji)施(shi)工(gong)是(shi)很难(nan)做到(dao)的(de)(de);多种原因促使相关(guan)工(gong)序施(shi)工(gong)中的(de)(de)相互交叉、占用(yong)、拖(tuo)延(yan),或由于(yu)意外的(de)(de)情况使之(zhi)不足或延(yan)误;
3)、相(xiang)对(dui)各(ge)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)单位和(he)监理来(lai)说,对(dui)将进(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水带施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)艺(yi),要(yao)有一个(ge)完(wan)整(zheng)止(zhi)(zhi)水带施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案和(he)止(zhi)(zhi)水带施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)组织设计,并进(jin)行(xing)严(yan)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)训:至少要(yao)对(dui)止(zhi)(zhi)水带材(cai)料及(ji)其(qi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)艺(yi)的(de)(de)(de)验收、检验标准(zhun)有一个(ge)完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)概念和(he)明示;同时对(dui)止(zhi)(zhi)水带施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)艺(yi)所要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)环境(jing)、相(xiang)互的(de)(de)(de)配合有严(yan)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)规定;并进(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序之(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)书(shu)面交接;相(xiang)关人员(yuan)及(ji)监理签字负责(ze);
4)、后续工序对橡胶止水带完善的保护(hu),这(zhei)一点(dian)尤为重(zhong)要;特别是在砼浇筑时和浇筑后,要及时检查、防损坏(huai)撕(si)裂、修(xiu)补、维护(hu)及防老化处理等(deng)确(que)保止水(shui)带工(gong)程整体性;必须有一个(ge)完整的书面记(ji)录(lu)和得到监理签字认证。
5)、对(dui)于开挖放坡施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)法来说(shuo),各项工(gong)(gong)序(xu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)质(zhi)量的(de)工(gong)(gong)作条件相(xiang)对(dui)其(qi)它工(gong)(gong)法施(shi)工(gong)(gong)来说(shuo)要(yao)好得多;同时(shi)可以针对(dui)常见的(de)地下工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)渗漏水的(de)特点,有目的(de)的(de)加强,这里主(zhu)要(yao)做的(de)是:
A、地下(xia)结构(gou)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)质量关键在于混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)质量。合理的(de)选(xuan)择混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)配(pei)合比,以满足止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)砼(tong)的(de)需要,在混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)中掺优质粉煤灰和高(gao)效减(jian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)剂,降低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)用量,减(jian)少(shao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灰比,这(zhei)样(yang)可以降低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)化热,降低(di)了混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)初期开裂的(de)机(ji)率。在混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)前对振捣工(gong)(gong)进行专项交(jiao)底,制(zhi)(zhi)定奖惩措施(shi),加强振捣工(gong)(gong)人责任感,对混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)结构(gou)的(de)浇(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)采用了分层、分段浇(jiao)(jiao)捣,确保(bao)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)浇(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)的(de)密实性。混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)浇(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)完成,通过(guo)建立养(yang)护(hu)专项台帐,采取覆盖或(huo)蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)等措施(shi)控制(zhi)(zhi)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)内外温差不超过(guo)20℃,养(yang)护(hu)时间(jian)不少(shao)于14天。
B、仔细(xi)认(ren)真处理好相(xiang)关砼施工缝A)、在施工缝的衔接处理上除浇筑(zhu)前凿毛清理外(wai),还应涂(tu)刷砼界面剂,这样能(neng)有效的与(yu)后续浇注(zhu)的混凝土紧密结合。
B)、变形缝的处理,除按规范安装遇水膨胀橡胶止水带外(wai),还在其外(wai)露(lu)部(bu)分(fen)浇灌聚氨脂密(mi)封膏(gao)及双层止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带加强处理,另再做72小时蓄水(shui)(shui)试验,不渗漏(lou)后(hou),才予以隐蔽;C)、止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带处的砼浇筑:应按设计要求顶板、底板的中置式(shi)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)板向上翘150~200,以利于砼浇筑,如遇(yu)特(te)殊(shu)无法完全振捣密(mi)实砼,应另加设注浆管,或局(ju)部(bu)开孔(kong)再补焊;
C、侧墙、顶板在(zai)做止水带封闭之(zhi)前,应严格、仔细检查(cha)各(ge)处砼面(mian)层缺陷情况,作好记录、进行修补(bu),各(ge)相(xiang)关责任人及监理签字验收。
D、阴阳(yang)角(jiao)的(de)(de)处理:阴角(jiao)的(de)(de)做(zuo)法(此处侧壁止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)为单组份聚(ju)氨(an)(an)酯止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)涂(tu)料(liao)2.5mm厚(hou)(hou))按规(gui)范是将(jiang)底(di)(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)甩槎(cha)部分粘(zhan)贴在(zai)侧墙上(shang)(shang)(shang),再由侧墙聚(ju)氨(an)(an)脂(zhi)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)涂(tu)膜覆(fu)盖(gai)密封,在(zai)实际(ji)施工中这(zhei)样做(zuo)存在(zai)质量隐患。(止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)较厚(hou)(hou),不(bu)能与(yu)侧墙直行(xing)有效粘(zhan)贴),可以将(jiang)聚(ju)氨(an)(an)脂(zhi)涂(tu)膜一(yi)次性(xing)做(zuo)到底(di)(di)部,并在(zai)底(di)(di)部往上(shang)(shang)(shang)50cm做(zuo)双层涂(tu)料(liao)涂(tu)膜加(jia)强,然后再利(li)用涂(tu)料(liao)的(de)(de)粘(zhan)度(du),裁剪相应宽度(du)的(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)与(yu)侧墙涂(tu)料(liao)涂(tu)膜层和底(di)(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)甩搓部分粘(zhan)接;但切记,此处底(di)(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)甩搓部分上(shang)(shang)(shang)端的(de)(de)封闭(bi)是较为关键的(de)(de)。附加(jia)层止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)端部要被(bei)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)涂(tu)料(liao)覆(fu)盖(gai)显点(dian)水(shui)(shui)形状,以防涂(tu)料(liao)过厚(hou)(hou),易脱皮。
E、顶板(ban)结(jie)构在(zai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带施(shi)(shi)工前做(zuo)蓄水(shui)(shui)试验(yan),结(jie)构施(shi)(shi)工基(ji)层的(de)表(biao)面突起(qi)物和气泡孔,在(zai)涂膜止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带施(shi)(shi)工前处(chu)理(li)好,止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带层施(shi)(shi)工分层报验(yan)。F、加固模板(ban)用的(de)拉杆(gan)(gan)(gan)(也只(zhi)有(you)(you)放坡开挖工法才有(you)(you)可(ke)能采用拉杆(gan)(gan)(gan)固定模板(ban))由(you)老式(shi)的(de)单根(gen)外(wai)螺杆(gan)(gan)(gan)换成三节(jie)可(ke)卸式(shi)螺杆(gan)(gan)(gan),并在(zai)中间及两(liang)端各(ge)设一止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)环,这样(yang)拆(chai)除时既避免切割损坏结(jie)构实体,有(you)(you)能有(you)(you)效(xiao)防止(zhi)拉杆(gan)(gan)(gan)孔洞渗水(shui)(shui)和拉杆(gan)(gan)(gan)锈蚀。
2、砼(tong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)墙(qiang)作(zuo)(zuo)围(wei)护(hu)结构,以(yi)钢(gang)管(guan)或钢(gang)筋砼(tong)梁作(zuo)(zuo)围(wei)护(hu)结构的(de)(de)支撑,进行开(kai)(kai)挖(wa)的(de)(de)明挖(wa)法施(shi)工(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)铁车(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)1)、相对(dui)放坡大(da)(da)开(kai)(kai)挖(wa)法施(shi)工(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)铁车(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)来说(shuo),其止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带施(shi)工(gong)(gong)难度要(yao)大(da)(da)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie),首(shou)先面临的(de)(de)是地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)墙(qiang)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong),要(yao)保(bao)(bao)证地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)墙(qiang)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)平(ping)顺,无大(da)(da)的(de)(de)凹(ao)凸不平(ping),基(ji)(ji)本(ben)不渗水(shui)(shui)(shui);关键在于(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)质条件和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)经验(yan);武(wu)汉(han)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)铁地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)墙(qiang)的(de)(de)高度一(yi)(yi)般在30~50米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)铁车(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)板(ban)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下18米(mi)(mi)深度左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you),车(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)宽度一(yi)(yi)般20米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you);地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)墙(qiang)所(suo)面临坍塌、涌砂(sha)、淤泥、沼(zhao)气(qi)、以(yi)及周(zhou)围(wei)建构筑物的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下障碍(ai):相邻建筑的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下室基(ji)(ji)础及其施(shi)工(gong)(gong)时预留(liu)的(de)(de)未知的(de)(de)障碍(ai)等、箱涵(han)、管(guan)线(xian)等一(yi)(yi)般均(jun)在地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下3~18米(mi)(mi)之(zhi)(zhi)间;地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下承压(ya)水(shui)(shui)(shui)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下15米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)、上层潜(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)影(ying)响一(yi)(yi)般为(wei)5~10米(mi)(mi);一(yi)(yi)般均(jun)采(cai)用(yong)整体降水(shui)(shui)(shui)来保(bao)(bao)证车(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)开(kai)(kai)挖(wa)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常施(shi)工(gong)(gong),处于(yu)(yu)(yu)安全起见(jian),车(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)底板(ban)深度范围(wei)内(nei),一(yi)(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥搅拌(ban)桩加固处理;相对(dui)而(er)言,若地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)处理不当,易(yi)造(zao)成地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下涌水(shui)(shui)(shui)涌沙,对(dui)周(zhou)边有影(ying)响;总体来说(shuo)各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)墙(qiang)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)上做到(dao)了阻水(shui)(shui)(shui)、隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)、防(fang)止(zhi)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)渗漏水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong);但作(zuo)(zuo)为(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下车(che)(che)(che)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)靠(kao)前(qian)道防(fang)线(xian)及止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带和(he)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带基(ji)(ji)面,它有一(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)不足之(zhi)(zhi)处需(xu)要(yao)处理。
2)、止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)基(ji)(ji)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)从(cong)目前已施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完(wan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些地连墙(qiang)来看(kan),其背水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)、钢筋头、尖鋭(rui)之(zhi)(zhi)物较(jiao)多,需要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)多的(de)(de)(de)时(shi)间(jian)进行(xing)修(xiu)补(bu),同时(shi)在有支(zhi)撑(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)就不(bu)能一(yi)(yi)次找平(ping)(ping)和修(xiu)补(bu)到(dao)位,为止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)铺设留(liu)下渗水(shui)(shui)(shui)隐患;目前相当一(yi)(yi)些施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)单(dan)位在止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)基(ji)(ji)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)里上面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),是(shi)不(bu)能完(wan)全令人满(man)意(yi)的(de)(de)(de);也是(shi)一(yi)(yi)老大难的(de)(de)(de)问题;对(dui)于止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)基(ji)(ji)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)这道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)来说,它是(shi)一(yi)(yi)繁(fan)琐、细致又(you)要(yao)(yao)有技(ji)术和耐心的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺:首先对(dui)裸(luo)露各(ge)种铁(tie)件(jian)进行(xing)去除和防锈处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li),这里的(de)(de)(de)防锈是(shi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)将铁(tie)件(jian)用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)合物砂浆(jiang)盖住,而不(bu)是(shi)单(dan)单(dan)去掉就行(xing),其次对(dui)地连墙(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)进行(xing)修(xiu)补(bu):主要(yao)(yao)包括:有渗水(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)应(ying)进行(xing)注浆(jiang),补(bu)缝(feng);凹凸(tu)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)削平(ping)(ping)和用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)合物砂浆(jiang)填平(ping)(ping);再(zai)则(ze)用(yong)(yong)聚(ju)合物砂浆(jiang)找平(ping)(ping)顺(shun)(shun)各(ge)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu),达到(dao)满(man)足规(gui)范规(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)相关(guan)圆滑、平(ping)(ping)顺(shun)(shun)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),并且(qie)(qie)在铺设止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)时(shi),不(bu)被撕裂下来;这里主要(yao)(yao)有2个原因(yin),其一(yi)(yi)是(shi)费工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)费时(shi),且(qie)(qie)难以完(wan)全满(man)意(yi),其二(er)下一(yi)(yi)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)是(shi)由止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)队(dui)伍来施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),指望他们(men)能够(gou)完(wan)成;因(yin)此:止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)基(ji)(ji)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)处(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)是(shi)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)第二(er)个关(guan)键,必须有详(xiang)细的(de)(de)(de)书面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)记录及表格,完(wan)整严格的(de)(de)(de)交接验收之(zhi)(zhi)规(gui)定(ding),且(qie)(qie)应(ying)得到(dao)有关(guan)各(ge)责任(ren)方及监理(li)签(qian)字认可。
3)、结(jie)构侧壁的止水带止水带的铺设与保护:
(1)、由于止(zhi)水带(dai)止(zhi)水带(dai)铺设是与绑扎钢筋、制(zhi)模(mo)、砼浇筑等(deng)交叉进(jin)行(xing),靠前道(dao)铺设还好、有(you)足(zu)够的工作(zuo)面(mian)(mian),但是后续(xu)的铺设与修补基本上都是在钢筋上面(mian)(mian)进(jin)行(xing),工作(zuo)面(mian)(mian)不足(zu),同时对止(zhi)水带(dai)基面(mian)(mian)没有(you)做(zuo)好的区域(往往也(ye)是难以施工之(zhi)处),或是阴阳角处,且由于施工进(jin)度或一些其(qi)它的原因,使(shi)靠前道(dao)止(zhi)水带(dai)止(zhi)水带(dai)的施工和(he)第二(er)道(dao)相差(cha)较(jiao)长(zhang)的时间(jian),原先已贴好的止(zhi)水带(dai)可能(neng)要重贴或进(jin)行(xing)大的修补,而此时钢筋已绑扎好,其(qi)工作(zuo)难度较(jiao)大,同时其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)些是无法(fa)保证铺设质量(liang)的死角。
(2)、侧墙绑扎钢(gang)(gang)筋与(yu)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板对(dui)(dui)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)带(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)带(dai)损(sun)伤:由于(yu)无(wu)法采用对(dui)(dui)拉螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)来固(gu)(gu)定(ding)直(zhi)立的(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(建(jian)议,在可行的(de)(de)情(qing)况加(jia)设(she)改良的(de)(de)2节(jie)型的(de)(de)拉结(jie)螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan),一端固(gu)(gu)定(ding)在模(mo)(mo)(mo)板上(shang),另(ling)一端固(gu)(gu)定(ding)在辅助钢(gang)(gang)筋上(shang),将对(dui)(dui)拉螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)设(she)成公母型,螺(luo)(luo)纹长(zhang)度与(yu)可调(diao)节(jie)长(zhang)度均(jun)加(jia)长(zhang),以(yi)满(man)(man)足(zu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板调(diao)整的(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao),固(gu)(gu)定(ding)在模(mo)(mo)(mo)板上(shang)的(de)(de)螺(luo)(luo)栓(shuan)可直(zhi)接(jie)取出),而(er)且(qie)由于(yu)制模(mo)(mo)(mo)面(mian)积大、不(bu)规则,一般均(jun)采用木模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(可省(sheng)时省(sheng)工省(sheng)力(li),但(dan)其周转次数(shu)有(you)限,且(qie)刚度不(bu)足(zu)),满(man)(man)堂支撑固(gu)(gu)定(ding)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板,但(dan)要(yao)保(bao)证(zheng)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板与(yu)钢(gang)(gang)筋的(de)(de)间距不(bu)变、或(huo)不(bu)使拉结(jie)筋与(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)带(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)带(dai)相(xiang)碰,就难(nan)以(yi)做到;同(tong)时由于(yu)刚度不(bu)足(zu),特别易(yi)跑模(mo)(mo)(mo)漏浆,正因为如此,施工人员振捣力(li)度就有(you)限,相(xiang)应(ying)砼密实程(cheng)度难(nan)以(yi)满(man)(man)足(zu)要(yao)求,同(tong)时由于(yu)拉结(jie)筋与(yu)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)带(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)带(dai)碰撞,难(nan)免(mian)对(dui)(dui)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)带(dai)有(you)所损(sun)伤,极(ji)易(yi)造成渗(shen)水(shui);这也是(shi)现场检查中(zhong)各种不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)接(jie)缝易(yi)渗(shen)水(shui)原因之(zhi)一。
(3)、止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)铺(pu)设(she)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一个细(xi)致、费(fei)工(gong)费(fei)时且(qie)与周围环境密切相关的(de)工(gong)序,铺(pu)设(she)时的(de)温(wen)度、湿度、灰(hui)尘(chen)等均有(you)(you)较大的(de)关系,已完(wan)成的(de)这(zhei)几(ji)个车(che)站(zhan)的(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai),采用(yong)的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)4mm厚(hou)双面(mian)(mian)自粘(zhan)聚合物改性沥青止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(贴必定),比(bi)较厚(hou),在阴阳(yang)角和(he)凹凸处(chu)(chu)不易粘(zhan)贴密实(shi),虽(sui)然采用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)钉加(jia)(jia)压(ya)片固定,但若(ruo)射钉过猛,而压(ya)片未(wei)加(jia)(jia)缓(huan)冲止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)垫,则极(ji)(ji)易使连接(jie)处(chu)(chu)的(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)受伤,反(fan)之若(ruo)射钉力道不足,或水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)钉的(de)长度短了(le)、直径过小则难(nan)以(yi)固定止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai),因此已经固定好的(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)多有(you)(you)脱落,同(tong)时各车(che)站(zhan)均是(shi)(shi)(shi)直接(jie)铺(pu)贴止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai),未(wei)先(xian)涂界(jie)面(mian)(mian)剂(这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)因为(wei),止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)(mian)本身(shen)就(jiu)粗糙不平,界(jie)面(mian)(mian)剂难(nan)以(yi)起作用(yong));其结果就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)只要有(you)(you)一处(chu)(chu)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)受损渗(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),则整个止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)失效(xiao),到处(chu)(chu)串水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),极(ji)(ji)不易找出何处(chu)(chu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)渗(shen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源。
(4)、止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)护(hu)(hu):止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)铺(pu)设(she)(she)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一次(ci)就完全铺(pu)设(she)(she)到(dao)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),而是(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)段、不(bu)同高度并(bing)与与绑扎钢筋、制模(mo)(mo)、砼浇筑(zhu)等交叉进(jin)(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de);各(ge)工序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交叉施工极易(yi)使止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)受损(sun),虽(sui)然(ran)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)有双(shuang)层薄(bo)模(mo)(mo)保(bao)护(hu)(hu),但薄(bo)模(mo)(mo)必须根据工序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)进(jin)(jin)展要(yao)求(qiu)分(fen)(fen)别于(yu)不(bu)同时(shi)(shi)(shi)间撕(si)(si)去(qu)(qu),并(bing)应(ying)当(dang)按要(yao)求(qiu)在预留(liu)搭接处保(bao)留(liu)薄(bo)模(mo)(mo);从(cong)已(yi)施工车站(zhan)来(lai)看,一些止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)薄(bo)膜不(bu)是(shi)(shi)过(guo)早撕(si)(si)去(qu)(qu)、或是(shi)(shi)忘记撕(si)(si)掉一同浇入(ru)砼中,这样止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)过(guo)早暴露在空气中,从(cong)而老化变脆、失去(qu)(qu)弹性和(he)粘接性、或由于(yu)薄(bo)模(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在失去(qu)(qu)隔(ge)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性变成存(cun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋;而施工中所产生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、废渣、烟头等废弃(qi)物,以及电焊等都给未防(fang)(fang)护(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)已(yi)铺(pu)设(she)(she)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)损(sun)伤;这在车站(zhan)检查(cha)中常常可以看到(dao);止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)护(hu)(hu)关(guan)键在于(yu)管理,一是(shi)(shi)严格管理制度、二是(shi)(shi)适时(shi)(shi)(shi)进(jin)(jin)行各(ge)层次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培训,明确(que)各(ge)人应(ying)当(dang)注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事项和(he)遵循(xun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原则;三是(shi)(shi)严格监督,及时(shi)(shi)(shi)修(xiu)补清理,严防(fang)(fang)受损(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隐(yin)患进(jin)(jin)入(ru)砼中;四是(shi)(shi)在浇筑(zhu)砼时(shi)(shi)(shi),振捣棒注意(yi)不(bu)得随意(yi)碰(peng)撞钢筋,严禁与止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)相碰(peng)。