1、放坡大开挖法(fa)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)地铁车站:一(yi)般止水(shui)带(dai)做法(fa)基(ji)本是:结(jie)构底板(ban)、侧壁(bi)采用(yong)双面(或单(dan)面)自粘止水(shui)带(dai)止水(shui)带(dai)(贴必定),侧壁(bi)、顶板(ban)采用(yong)单(dan)组分聚氨(an)酯止水(shui)带(dai)涂料(liao),这(zhei)类(lei)型地铁止水(shui)带(dai)施(shi)工(gong)易取得(de)较为满意的(de)止水(shui)带(dai)效果(guo),单(dan)从止水(shui)带(dai)施(shi)工(gong)管理与具体质量控制来说(shuo),此类(lei)型完整的(de)止水(shui)带(dai)工(gong)程大致如下(xia):
1)、开挖(wa)与(yu)护坡(po):一(yi)般土(tu)(tu)层(ceng)开挖(wa)深(shen)度在15米左右,不(bu)(bu)太深(shen);一(yi)般均(jun)为(wei)了(le)提高地基承载力和护坡(po),设(she)计(ji)进(jin)行了(le)地基处理加(jia)固,和护坡(po)与(yu)放坡(po),一(yi)些情(qing)况下,有(you)可(ke)(ke)能受征地的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)响受征地等因素影(ying)响,使之放坡(po)受限(xian)制(zhi)。或(huo)(huo)多或(huo)(huo)少均(jun)有(you)可(ke)(ke)能受到地下承压水(shui)及周围(wei)环(huan)境如周边的(de)(de)(de)(de)排水(shui)系统(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些不(bu)(bu)利作用(yong),须利用(yong)适当的(de)(de)(de)(de)排水(shui)、降水(shui)、土(tu)(tu)体动(dong)态监测与(yu)加(jia)固,满足施工(gong)现场的(de)(de)(de)(de)稳定。对于开挖(wa)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)层(ceng)(或(huo)(huo)改良(liang))可(ke)(ke)作为(wei)良(liang)好(hao)回(hui)(hui)填(tian)(tian)阻(zu)水(shui)层(ceng),必(bi)须有(you)良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)组织回(hui)(hui)填(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顺序,妥善保存(cun)好(hao)开挖(wa)预(yu)留的(de)(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)填(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu),以(yi)防参入不(bu)(bu)良(liang)杂土(tu)(tu),保持良(liang)好(hao)土(tu)(tu)体的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然状态,适当的(de)(de)(de)(de)改良(liang)土(tu)(tu)层(ceng),将回(hui)(hui)填(tian)(tian)隔(ge)水(shui)层(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)层(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含水(shui)量(liang)保持在较(jiao)佳(jia)含水(shui)量(liang)、分层(ceng)(200∽250mm)夯实(shi)、土(tu)(tu)体密实(shi)系数d不(bu)(bu)小于0.91,并(bing)确保隔(ge)水(shui)回(hui)(hui)填(tian)(tian)土(tu)(tu)层(ceng)厚度不(bu)(bu)小于500mm。基本上可(ke)(ke)以(yi)弥补止水(shui)带工(gong)程及结(jie)构本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)缺陷。
2)、有序而良好的组(zu)织施(shi)工(gong)(gong),即(ji)是按照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)组(zu)织设计要求严密的组(zu)织各(ge)项施(shi)工(gong)(gong),确保(bao)各(ge)道工(gong)(gong)序有合理(li)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期(qi),如何(he)确定和保(bao)障合理(li)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期(qi),在实(shi)际施(shi)工(gong)(gong)是很难做(zuo)到的;多种原(yuan)因促使相(xiang)关工(gong)(gong)序施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中的相(xiang)互交叉、占用、拖(tuo)延,或由于意外的情(qing)况使之不足或延误;
3)、相对(dui)(dui)各(ge)施工(gong)单(dan)位(wei)和(he)监理来说,对(dui)(dui)将进(jin)(jin)行的止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)施工(gong)工(gong)艺,要(yao)(yao)有一个完整止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)施工(gong)方案和(he)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)施工(gong)组织设(she)计,并进(jin)(jin)行严格的培训:至少(shao)要(yao)(yao)对(dui)(dui)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)材料(liao)及(ji)其(qi)施工(gong)工(gong)艺的验收、检验标准有一个完整的概念和(he)明(ming)示;同(tong)时对(dui)(dui)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)施工(gong)工(gong)艺所要(yao)(yao)求的环境、相互的配合有严格的规定;并进(jin)(jin)行工(gong)序之间的书面交接;相关(guan)人(ren)员及(ji)监理签字负责;
4)、后续工序对橡胶止水带完善(shan)的(de)保护,这一点尤(you)为(wei)重(zhong)要;特别是(shi)在砼浇(jiao)筑时(shi)和浇(jiao)筑后,要及(ji)时(shi)检查、防(fang)损坏(huai)撕(si)裂、修(xiu)补(bu)、维护及(ji)防(fang)老化(hua)处理等确(que)保止(zhi)水带工程整(zheng)体性;必(bi)须有(you)一个完整(zheng)的(de)书(shu)面记录和得到监理签字认(ren)证。
5)、对(dui)于(yu)开挖(wa)放(fang)坡施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)法(fa)来说,各项工(gong)序(xu)施(shi)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)质量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作条件相对(dui)其它(ta)工(gong)法(fa)施(shi)工(gong)来说要好得多;同时可(ke)以针对(dui)常(chang)见的(de)(de)(de)地下工(gong)程渗(shen)漏水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)特点,有(you)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)加强(qiang),这(zhei)里主要做的(de)(de)(de)是:
A、地下结构止水(shui)带(dai)质(zhi)量(liang)(liang)关键(jian)在(zai)于混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)质(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。合理的(de)(de)(de)选择混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)配(pei)合比,以满(man)足止水(shui)带(dai)砼的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要(yao),在(zai)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)中掺(chan)优(you)质(zhi)粉煤灰和高效减水(shui)剂,降(jiang)低水(shui)泥用(yong)量(liang)(liang),减少水(shui)灰比,这样可以降(jiang)低水(shui)化热,降(jiang)低了混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)初期开裂的(de)(de)(de)机(ji)率。在(zai)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)前对振捣工(gong)进行(xing)专项(xiang)交底,制定奖惩措施(shi),加强振捣工(gong)人责任感,对混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)结构的(de)(de)(de)浇(jiao)筑(zhu)采用(yong)了分层(ceng)、分段(duan)浇(jiao)捣,确保混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)浇(jiao)注的(de)(de)(de)密实(shi)性。混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)浇(jiao)注完成,通过建(jian)立养(yang)护专项(xiang)台帐,采取覆(fu)盖或蓄水(shui)等(deng)措施(shi)控制混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)内外温差不超(chao)过20℃,养(yang)护时间不少于14天。
B、仔细(xi)认真(zhen)处理好相关砼(tong)施工(gong)缝(feng)A)、在施工(gong)缝(feng)的(de)衔接处理上除(chu)浇(jiao)筑前凿毛清理外,还应涂刷(shua)砼(tong)界面剂,这样能有效的(de)与后(hou)续浇(jiao)注(zhu)的(de)混(hun)凝(ning)土紧密结(jie)合(he)。
B)、变形缝的处理,除按规范安装遇水膨胀橡胶止水带外,还(hai)在其外露部分(fen)浇灌聚氨脂密(mi)(mi)封膏及双层止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带加强处理,另再(zai)(zai)做72小时(shi)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)试(shi)验,不渗(shen)漏后,才予(yu)以隐(yin)蔽;C)、止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)带处的砼(tong)浇筑:应按设计要求顶板(ban)、底板(ban)的中置式止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)向(xiang)上(shang)翘150~200,以利于砼(tong)浇筑,如遇特(te)殊无法完全振捣(dao)密(mi)(mi)实(shi)砼(tong),应另加设注浆管,或(huo)局部开孔再(zai)(zai)补焊;
C、侧墙、顶板在做(zuo)止水带(dai)封闭之前,应严格、仔细检查各处砼面层缺(que)陷情况,作好(hao)记(ji)录(lu)、进(jin)行(xing)修补,各相(xiang)关责任人及监理签字验(yan)收。
D、阴阳角(jiao)的(de)处(chu)理:阴角(jiao)的(de)做(zuo)法(此处(chu)侧壁止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)为单组份聚氨(an)(an)酯(zhi)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)涂(tu)料(liao)2.5mm厚(hou))按规范(fan)是将(jiang)底(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)甩槎部(bu)(bu)分粘(zhan)(zhan)贴在(zai)侧墙(qiang)上,再由侧墙(qiang)聚氨(an)(an)脂止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)涂(tu)膜(mo)覆盖(gai)密封,在(zai)实际施工中这样做(zuo)存在(zai)质量(liang)隐患(huan)。(止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)较(jiao)厚(hou),不能与侧墙(qiang)直(zhi)行有效粘(zhan)(zhan)贴),可以(yi)将(jiang)聚氨(an)(an)脂涂(tu)膜(mo)一次性做(zuo)到底(di)部(bu)(bu),并(bing)在(zai)底(di)部(bu)(bu)往上50cm做(zuo)双(shuang)层涂(tu)料(liao)涂(tu)膜(mo)加强,然后(hou)再利用涂(tu)料(liao)的(de)粘(zhan)(zhan)度,裁剪(jian)相应(ying)宽(kuan)度的(de)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)与侧墙(qiang)涂(tu)料(liao)涂(tu)膜(mo)层和底(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)甩搓部(bu)(bu)分粘(zhan)(zhan)接;但(dan)切记,此处(chu)底(di)板(ban)止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)甩搓部(bu)(bu)分上端(duan)(duan)的(de)封闭是较(jiao)为关(guan)键的(de)。附加层止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)上端(duan)(duan)部(bu)(bu)要(yao)被止(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)涂(tu)料(liao)覆盖(gai)显(xian)点水(shui)(shui)形状,以(yi)防涂(tu)料(liao)过厚(hou),易脱(tuo)皮(pi)。
E、顶板(ban)(ban)结构(gou)(gou)在止(zhi)水带(dai)施工(gong)前做蓄水试验(yan),结构(gou)(gou)施工(gong)基层的表面突起(qi)物和(he)气(qi)泡孔,在涂膜止(zhi)水带(dai)施工(gong)前处理好(hao),止(zhi)水带(dai)层施工(gong)分(fen)层报验(yan)。F、加固模(mo)板(ban)(ban)用的拉杆(也(ye)只有放(fang)坡(po)开挖工(gong)法才有可能采用拉杆固定模(mo)板(ban)(ban))由老式(shi)的单根外(wai)螺(luo)杆换成(cheng)三节可卸式(shi)螺(luo)杆,并在中间及两端各(ge)设一(yi)止(zhi)水环(huan),这(zhei)样拆除时既避免切割损(sun)坏结构(gou)(gou)实体,有能有效防止(zhi)拉杆孔洞渗水和(he)拉杆锈蚀。
2、砼地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)(lian)(lian)墙作(zuo)(zuo)围护结(jie)构(gou),以钢(gang)(gang)管或钢(gang)(gang)筋砼梁作(zuo)(zuo)围护结(jie)构(gou)的(de)(de)(de)支撑,进(jin)行开(kai)挖(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)明挖(wa)(wa)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)铁(tie)车(che)站1)、相对(dui)放坡(po)大(da)开(kai)挖(wa)(wa)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)铁(tie)车(che)站来(lai)说,其止水(shui)(shui)带(dai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)难度(du)(du)要大(da)一(yi)些,首先面(mian)临(lin)的(de)(de)(de)是地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)(lian)(lian)墙的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong),要保证地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)(lian)(lian)墙基(ji)(ji)本平顺,无大(da)的(de)(de)(de)凹凸不平,基(ji)(ji)本不渗水(shui)(shui);关键在(zai)于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)质条件(jian)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)经验(yan);武汉(han)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)铁(tie)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)(lian)(lian)墙的(de)(de)(de)高度(du)(du)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)30~50米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)铁(tie)车(che)站地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)板位于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)18米(mi)深度(du)(du)左(zuo)(zuo)右,车(che)站宽度(du)(du)一(yi)般(ban)20米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右;地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)(lian)(lian)墙所面(mian)临(lin)坍(tan)塌、涌砂、淤(yu)泥、沼(zhao)气、以及(ji)周围建构(gou)筑(zhu)物的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)障碍:相邻建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)室基(ji)(ji)础及(ji)其施(shi)(shi)工(gong)时(shi)预留(liu)的(de)(de)(de)未知的(de)(de)(de)障碍等、箱涵(han)、管线(xian)等一(yi)般(ban)均(jun)在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)3~18米(mi)之(zhi)间;地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)承压水(shui)(shui)位于(yu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)15米(mi)左(zuo)(zuo)右、上(shang)层潜水(shui)(shui)影(ying)响一(yi)般(ban)为5~10米(mi);一(yi)般(ban)均(jun)采(cai)用整(zheng)体降水(shui)(shui)来(lai)保证车(che)站开(kai)挖(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)(de)正常(chang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong),处(chu)(chu)于(yu)安全起见,车(che)站底板深度(du)(du)范围内,一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)用水(shui)(shui)泥搅拌桩加(jia)固(gu)处(chu)(chu)理;相对(dui)而(er)言(yan),若地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)处(chu)(chu)理不当,易造成地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)涌水(shui)(shui)涌沙,对(dui)周边有影(ying)响;总体来(lai)说各地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)连(lian)(lian)(lian)墙基(ji)(ji)本上(shang)做到了阻(zu)水(shui)(shui)、隔水(shui)(shui)、防(fang)止大(da)的(de)(de)(de)渗漏水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用;但作(zuo)(zuo)为地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)(xia)车(che)站的(de)(de)(de)靠前道防(fang)线(xian)及(ji)止水(shui)(shui)带(dai)和止水(shui)(shui)带(dai)止水(shui)(shui)带(dai)基(ji)(ji)面(mian),它有一(yi)些不足之(zhi)处(chu)(chu)需(xu)要处(chu)(chu)理。
2)、止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)处(chu)理(li)从目前(qian)(qian)已施工(gong)(gong)完(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些地(di)连墙来(lai)(lai)看,其背水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)的(de)(de)不(bu)平(ping)之(zhi)处(chu)、钢筋头、尖鋭之(zhi)物(wu)较多(duo),需(xu)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)多(duo)的(de)(de)时间(jian)进(jin)行修(xiu)补,同时在有支撑之(zhi)处(chu)就(jiu)不(bu)能一(yi)(yi)次找(zhao)平(ping)和(he)修(xiu)补到位,为止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)铺设留(liu)下渗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)隐患;目前(qian)(qian)相当(dang)一(yi)(yi)些施工(gong)(gong)单位在止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)处(chu)里(li)上面(mian),是(shi)不(bu)能完(wan)(wan)(wan)全令人满意(yi)的(de)(de);也(ye)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)老大难的(de)(de)问题;对(dui)(dui)于止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)处(chu)理(li)这(zhei)道工(gong)(gong)序来(lai)(lai)说,它是(shi)一(yi)(yi)繁(fan)琐、细致又(you)要(yao)(yao)有技术和(he)耐(nai)心的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)艺:首先对(dui)(dui)裸露各(ge)种铁件(jian)进(jin)行去除和(he)防(fang)锈(xiu)处(chu)理(li),这(zhei)里(li)的(de)(de)防(fang)锈(xiu)是(shi)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)将铁件(jian)用(yong)聚合(he)物(wu)砂(sha)(sha)浆盖住,而不(bu)是(shi)单单去掉就(jiu)行,其次对(dui)(dui)地(di)连墙的(de)(de)缺陷进(jin)行修(xiu)补:主要(yao)(yao)包括:有渗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)之(zhi)处(chu)应(ying)进(jin)行注浆,补缝;凹凸(tu)不(bu)平(ping)处(chu)削平(ping)和(he)用(yong)聚合(he)物(wu)砂(sha)(sha)浆填平(ping);再则用(yong)聚合(he)物(wu)砂(sha)(sha)浆找(zhao)平(ping)顺各(ge)处(chu),达到满足规(gui)(gui)范规(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)相关(guan)圆滑、平(ping)顺要(yao)(yao)求(qiu),并(bing)且在铺设止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)时,不(bu)被撕(si)裂下来(lai)(lai);这(zhei)里(li)主要(yao)(yao)有2个原因,其一(yi)(yi)是(shi)费(fei)工(gong)(gong)费(fei)时,且难以完(wan)(wan)(wan)全满意(yi),其二(er)(er)下一(yi)(yi)道工(gong)(gong)序是(shi)由(you)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)施工(gong)(gong)队伍来(lai)(lai)施工(gong)(gong),指(zhi)望他们能够(gou)完(wan)(wan)(wan)成;因此:止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)基(ji)面(mian)处(chu)理(li)是(shi)止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)(dai)施工(gong)(gong)第二(er)(er)个关(guan)键,必须有详细的(de)(de)书(shu)面(mian)记录及表格(ge),完(wan)(wan)(wan)整严格(ge)的(de)(de)交接验(yan)收之(zhi)规(gui)(gui)定(ding),且应(ying)得到有关(guan)各(ge)责(ze)任(ren)方(fang)及监(jian)理(li)签(qian)字(zi)认可。
3)、结构(gou)侧(ce)壁的止(zhi)水(shui)带止(zhi)水(shui)带的铺设与(yu)保护:
(1)、由于止(zhi)水带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)水带(dai)(dai)铺设是(shi)(shi)与绑扎钢筋(jin)、制(zhi)模、砼(tong)浇(jiao)筑等(deng)交叉进行(xing),靠(kao)前道铺设还好、有(you)足够(gou)的(de)工作面,但是(shi)(shi)后续的(de)铺设与修补基本上都是(shi)(shi)在(zai)钢筋(jin)上面进行(xing),工作面不足,同(tong)时对(dui)止(zhi)水带(dai)(dai)基面没有(you)做好的(de)区域(往往也是(shi)(shi)难以施工之处),或是(shi)(shi)阴阳角处,且由于施工进度(du)或一些其它(ta)的(de)原因,使靠(kao)前道止(zhi)水带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)水带(dai)(dai)的(de)施工和第二道相差较长(zhang)的(de)时间,原先已(yi)贴好的(de)止(zhi)水带(dai)(dai)可能(neng)要重贴或进行(xing)大的(de)修补,而此时钢筋(jin)已(yi)绑扎好,其工作难度(du)较大,同(tong)时其中有(you)些是(shi)(shi)无法保证(zheng)铺设质量的(de)死角。
(2)、侧(ce)墙绑扎钢筋(jin)(jin)(jin)与(yu)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)对止(zhi)水带(dai)止(zhi)水带(dai)损伤:由于无(wu)法采用对拉螺栓(shuan)来固定(ding)(ding)(ding)直立的模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(建议,在(zai)可(ke)行的情况加(jia)设改良的2节型的拉结螺栓(shuan),一(yi)端(duan)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)上(shang),另一(yi)端(duan)固定(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)辅助(zhu)钢筋(jin)(jin)(jin)上(shang),将对拉螺栓(shuan)设成(cheng)公母型,螺纹长(zhang)度(du)(du)与(yu)可(ke)调节长(zhang)度(du)(du)均加(jia)长(zhang),以满足模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)调整的需要,固定(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)的螺栓(shuan)可(ke)直接(jie)(jie)取(qu)出),而(er)且由于制模(mo)(mo)面(mian)积大(da)、不(bu)(bu)规则,一(yi)般均采用木模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(可(ke)省时省工省力,但(dan)其(qi)周(zhou)转次数有(you)(you)限,且刚度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)足),满堂支撑固定(ding)(ding)(ding)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban),但(dan)要保证模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)与(yu)钢筋(jin)(jin)(jin)的间距不(bu)(bu)变、或不(bu)(bu)使拉结筋(jin)(jin)(jin)与(yu)止(zhi)水带(dai)止(zhi)水带(dai)相(xiang)(xiang)碰(peng),就难以做到(dao);同(tong)时由于刚度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)足,特(te)别易跑(pao)模(mo)(mo)漏浆,正因为如此,施工人(ren)员振捣力度(du)(du)就有(you)(you)限,相(xiang)(xiang)应(ying)砼(tong)密实程(cheng)度(du)(du)难以满足要求,同(tong)时由于拉结筋(jin)(jin)(jin)与(yu)止(zhi)水带(dai)止(zhi)水带(dai)碰(peng)撞,难免(mian)对止(zhi)水带(dai)有(you)(you)所损伤,极易造成(cheng)渗(shen)水;这也(ye)是现场检查中(zhong)各种(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的接(jie)(jie)缝(feng)易渗(shen)水原(yuan)因之一(yi)。
(3)、止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)铺设是(shi)一个细致、费工(gong)(gong)费时(shi)(shi)且与周(zhou)围(wei)环(huan)境密(mi)切相关(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序,铺设时(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)温(wen)度(du)、湿度(du)、灰尘等均(jun)(jun)有较(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)关(guan)(guan)系(xi),已完成的(de)(de)(de)这几个车站的(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai),采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)4mm厚(hou)双面自粘聚合物改性(xing)沥青止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(贴(tie)必定),比较(jiao)厚(hou),在阴阳角(jiao)和(he)凹(ao)凸处不(bu)(bu)易粘贴(tie)密(mi)实,虽然(ran)采(cai)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)钉加压片固定,但若射钉过(guo)猛,而压片未加缓(huan)冲止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)垫,则极易使连接处的(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)受伤,反之若射钉力(li)道不(bu)(bu)足,或水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)钉的(de)(de)(de)长度(du)短(duan)了、直(zhi)径过(guo)小则难(nan)(nan)以固定止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai),因此已经固定好的(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)多有脱落,同时(shi)(shi)各车站均(jun)(jun)是(shi)直(zhi)接铺贴(tie)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai),未先涂界面剂(这是(shi)因为,止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)基面本身就粗糙不(bu)(bu)平,界面剂难(nan)(nan)以起作用(yong));其结果就是(shi)只要有一处止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)受损渗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),则整(zheng)个止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)失效,到(dao)处串(chuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui),极不(bu)(bu)易找出何处是(shi)渗水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源。
(4)、止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)护(hu)(hu):止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)铺设不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一次就完全铺设到(dao)位的(de)(de)(de),而(er)是(shi)(shi)分段、不(bu)同高度并与与绑(bang)扎钢筋、制模(mo)、砼(tong)(tong)浇筑(zhu)(zhu)等交叉(cha)进行的(de)(de)(de);各工序的(de)(de)(de)交叉(cha)施工极(ji)易使止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)受(shou)损,虽然止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)有双层(ceng)薄(bo)模(mo)保护(hu)(hu),但(dan)薄(bo)模(mo)必须(xu)根据工序的(de)(de)(de)进展要求(qiu)分别于(yu)不(bu)同时间撕去(qu),并应当按(an)要求(qiu)在(zai)预留搭(da)接处保留薄(bo)模(mo);从已(yi)施工车站(zhan)来看,一些止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)薄(bo)膜不(bu)是(shi)(shi)过早(zao)撕去(qu)、或是(shi)(shi)忘记撕掉一同浇入砼(tong)(tong)中(zhong),这(zhei)样止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)过早(zao)暴(bao)露在(zai)空气中(zhong),从而(er)老化变(bian)脆、失(shi)去(qu)弹性(xing)和粘(zhan)接性(xing)、或由于(yu)薄(bo)模(mo)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)在(zai)失(shi)去(qu)隔水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)变(bian)成存(cun)(cun)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)袋;而(er)施工中(zhong)所产生的(de)(de)(de)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)、废渣(zha)、烟头(tou)等废弃物,以及电焊(han)等都给未防(fang)护(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)已(yi)铺设好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)一定的(de)(de)(de)损伤;这(zhei)在(zai)车站(zhan)检查中(zhong)常常可以看到(dao);止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)护(hu)(hu)关键在(zai)于(yu)管理,一是(shi)(shi)严(yan)格管理制度、二是(shi)(shi)适时进行各层(ceng)次的(de)(de)(de)培训(xun),明确各人(ren)应当注意的(de)(de)(de)事项(xiang)和遵循的(de)(de)(de)原则(ze);三是(shi)(shi)严(yan)格监(jian)督,及时修补清理,严(yan)防(fang)受(shou)损的(de)(de)(de)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)隐(yin)患进入砼(tong)(tong)中(zhong);四是(shi)(shi)在(zai)浇筑(zhu)(zhu)砼(tong)(tong)时,振捣(dao)棒注意不(bu)得随意碰撞(zhuang)钢筋,严(yan)禁与止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)止(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)带(dai)(dai)相(xiang)碰。